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Index des articles > RH: « Santé au travail : les entreprises sont-elles responsa > Le stress, c'est quoi
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Le stress, c'est quoi |
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Article posté par Ancien membre vu 449 fois.
Selon Météostress : http://www.meteostress.com
LE STRESS, C’EST QUOI ?
Auteur : Dr Florence BENICHOUX. (18/10/0
« Selon certains, le mot « stress » vient du latin « stringere » qui signifie « rendre raide », « serrer », « presser » ; pour d’autres, il est issu du mot anglais « stress » qui signifie « contrainte ».
C’est un agent physique (le froid, la faim, une infection…) ou psychologique (peur, deuil, ou examen…) qui provoque un ensemble de réactions non spécifiques de l’organisme vivant (physiologiques, métaboliques et comportementales).
Les trois phases du stress
1. L’alarme
Au premier contact de l'individu avec l'agent stressant, l'organisme est immédiatement mis en état d'alerte.
2. La résistance
C'est le prolongement de la première phase, les réactions sont bien plus ciblées et adaptées pour la défense de l'individu face aux événements.
Tel un combattant, l'individu sort vainqueur de la situation et il se produit une transformation et un enrichissement : on parle alors de stress «positif», ou, plus justement de "stimulation positive". L'organisme s'est adapté.
3. L'épuisement
L'organisme a utilisé toutes ses ressources précédemment. Il est « au bout du rouleau », ce qui le fragilise et favorise l'apparition de nombreuses maladies, ou déclenche, dans les cas extrêmes, la mort de l'individu qui en est victime.
Le stress n’épargne personne, quel que soit son âge. Il peut être un moteur comme une source de handicap, de maladie, voire même de mort. »
Auteur : Nicole Dutheil, ostéopathe DO MROF Paris-Toulouse (18/03/0
Le" burn out" ou l’épuisement
« Burn out » est issu du verbe anglais to burn out, qui signifie saturer, épuiser. En particulier, ce terme peut désigner un syndrome d'épuisement professionnel (nommé Karoshi, ou Kaloshi - mort par la fatigue au travail - au Japon) qui fait partie des risques psychosociaux professionnels, consécutifs à l'exposition à un stress chronique.
Origine du nom
Le « Burn out » - dans l'industrie aérospatiale - désigne « la situation d'une fusée dont l'épuisement de carburant a pour résultante la surchauffe et le risque de bris de la machine ». Le concept d'épuisement avait déjà été posé en France par Claude Veil (1) dans les années 1950, et fait son apparition au cours de la décennie 70 aux Etats-Unis (...) en tant que problème social. Bradley est le premier à envisager un stress particulier lié au travail qu'il nomme « burnout ». Ce terme sera ensuite repris en 1974 par un psychanalyste américain Herbert J. Freudenberger, qui lui, parle de « Burn-Out Syndrome » (dans son livre Burnout: The High Cost of High Achievement) pour désigner l'état d'épuisement dans lequel se trouve le personnel soignant des Free Clinics, très investi professionnellement et émotionnellement avec les patients toxicomanes. Freudenberger définit le « Burnout » comme la perte de motivation d'une personne pour son travail, engendrée surtout par l'absence de résultats escomptés malgré une énorme implication de sa part.
Les métiers à risque
Certaines professions sont plus à risque que d'autres, notamment celles :
• À fortes sollicitations mentales, émotionnelles et affectives
• À fortes responsabilités
• Où l'on exige d'atteindre des objectifs difficiles, voire impossibles
• Où il existe un fort déséquilibre entre les tâches à accomplir et les moyens mis en œuvre dans ce but
• Où les missions et les tâches sont mal définies.
Les personnalités à risque
Certaines personnes sont plus à risque que d'autres. Elles présentent les traits de caractère suivants :
• des idéaux de performance et de réussite élevés
• une estime de soi fortement liée aux performances professionnelles
• le travail est l'unique centre d'intérêt de l'individu
• le travail comme seul refuge pour fuir les autres aspects de la vie.
Symptômes
Le « Burn out » se manifeste par « des symptômes somatiques non spécifiques comme la fatigue, des céphalées, des troubles gastro-intestinaux, des troubles du sommeil, des épisodes répétés et/ou prolongés d'infections rhino-pharyngées, grippales ou pseudo-grippales, ainsi que des signes psychiques et comportementaux variés. »
(Les citations sont issues de l'ouvrage de Pierre Canoui, Aline Moranges et Anne Florentin « Le syndrome d'épuisement professionnel des soignants. De l'analyse du Burn Out aux réponses », éditions Masson (oct. 199)
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